How To Be A Good Citizen Essays - Citizenship, Law,

How To Be A Good Citizen Mike Schmidt ICE-Social Science Community Tuesday September 26,2000 revised 2nd draft How to be a Good Citizen Every citizen in our society has the right to freedom and to be happy. In order to preserve that right to be happy, you must be a virtuous citizen and fulfill and promote civic rights. Here are three tips to follow on being a good citizen. First it is essential to obey all the laws of the land. Secondly you should not let your rights interfere or trample the rights of others, and lastly, you should be very community minded in spirit. We hold that law and order can be restored without turning this country of the free into a Police State. (Etzioni, 1993) First for law and order to be restored in our country it takes all of its citizens obeying the laws. Those rights dont just merely require us to follow the rules, but to teach everyone especially our children what those laws are. In todays society it seems as if people have forgotten what laws are let alone obey them. It is said that 60% of people obey the laws most of the time. (Williams, 2000) With that kind of percentage we as a society have a lot of work to do to make good citizens. We have thousands of laws on the books and new ones being written everyday, but without enforcement from the court system, overcrowd ing of our jails and not enough reinforcement from parents to children it will never be solved. Unless we as citizens take control of the situation, when our children are grown they will be afraid to go outside of their homes Secondly just because we are born in this country with inalienable rights doesnt mean that we can trample someone elses rights. Some follow the basic principle that each of us has the obligation not to aggress against anyone else- for any reason, personal, social, or political, however worthy. Discussion List (online) Available: http://www.l4l.org/ (2000,sept16). These rights that we as citizens all enjoy should give credence to the saying in the Bible Therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them: for this is the law and the prophets. (Bible, Matthew 7:12) Lastly, as a good citizen we ought to have good community service or spirit. What is community spirit? Is it getting involved in the political arena? Which doesnt mean necessarily running for office but taking advantage of our right to vote. Today we as a society have about half of the registered voters that actually go to the polls and vote. Thats not good community spirit. Secondly, are we helping by policing our own communities, no, only one in four neighborhoods has a neighborhood watch program. What do we not care what happens in our neighborhoods anymore? Good citizens should just be involved in anything that is going to have a positive outcome for his or her community. In conclusion to enjoy freedom and be happy as a citizen, we must all obey laws, enjoy our God given rights without infringing on the rights of others, and commit ourselves to our communities. Citizenship starts at home with each individual creating his or her own identity and by starting with children at a young age you are teaching them right from wrong. Therefore parents have a moral responsibility to the community to invest themselves in the proper upbringing of their children, and communities--- to enable parents to so dedicate themselves. (Etzioni,1993). By following the rules of society, not trampling the rights of others and giving back to our communities, we can evolve into a society of good and productive citizens. Social Issues

Essay on Julie Bradbury

Essay on Julie Bradbury Essay on Julie Bradbury Julie Bradbury Knowles Court ICO 1 1.1 It is our responsibility as employees to take precautionary measures to help prevent and Control the spread of infection. We must attend all training provided by our employers regarding infection control and prevention. Control of substances hazardous to health (COSHH), Reporting of injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences regulations (RIDDOR) and Personal protective equipment (PPE). Effective hand washing and wearing the correct PPE when assisting clients or dealing with waste which will reduce the spread of infection. We have a hand washing champion who does regular audits on our hand washing techniques to ensure we are doing it correctly. To ensure we clean equipment correctly to avoid spread of infection. Clinical waste goes into a yellow bag. Barrier nursing items for incineration goes in orange bags and black bags for household rubbish. White bin liners are used in the bins in toilets and bathrooms for used paper towels. Yellow cloths and mops for use in kitchen. Red mop and bucket for use in sluice and on body waste. Green cloths and blue mops for use in rooms. All bins are pedal operated so we do not have to manually lift lids. Hand washing before and after tasks. 1.2 It is the duty of the employer to provide a safe work place for staff, clients and visitors. The employer should provide the required personal protection equipment, training and information on Control of substances hazardous to health (COSHH) Reporting of injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences regulations (RIDDOR) and Infection control. Procedures for disposing of rubbish and clinical waste. They should assess risks, and ensure procedures are followed. 2.1 Laws and legal regulations about infection control come under the health and safety at work act 1974 (HASAWA). It is to ensure a safe work place for employees and members of the public and employers by minimizing accidents at work. HASAWA introduced the need for monitoring health and safety, risk assessments, including infection prevention and control. The personal protective equipment act 1992 ensures that suitable PPE is provided to employees who may be exposed to a risk to their health. COSHH regulations act 2002 is the law that requires employers to control substances hazardous to health. RIDDOR regulations act 1979 means it is the duty of employers in control work premises to report certain serious work place accidents, dangerous occurrences and any outbursts of infectious diseases. ICO 1 2.2 Where i work we have policies and procedures on when and how to use personal protective equipment and cleaning routines to follow. This depends on what you are doing. IE cleaning toilet and bathrooms where body fluids are present, disposing of clinical waste, handling laundry which is soiled with body waste. When dealing with dirty laundry we wear disposable aprons and gloves. The clean laundry goes into colour co ordinate bags, white for clothes, green for linen, red for contaminated clothes and linen this then gets tied and placed into another red bag in the sluice. Disposal of household rubbish goes into black bags, yellow for clinical waste or orange for incineration. The local firm which collects these leave coloured lockable bins for us to use. Black bags go into blue bin with black lid. Clinical waste bags go into yellow bin with yellow lid, cardboard boxes go into white bin with brown lid, Orange bags for incinerating go into yellow lockable bin. 3.1 Outbreak of infection can be fatal if care is not taken. IE an outbreak of MRSA that can be resistant to antibiotics. There is consequences for all involved, Ill health, isolation and sickness of staff. The Organisation could be fined with not complying with the law. This is why company’s policy and procedures need to be adhered to. IE hand washing and personal protective equipment, Barrier nursing is used if a patient in known or thought to be suffering from a contagious disease, we use

Financial Institutions and Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial Institutions and Organizations - Essay Example Based on this data, the authors outline the best possible way to proceed and make a series of recommendations to support their argument. The central recommendations of Barth, Caprio, and Levine are organized around five distinct characteristics. The authors assert that adherence to these required characteristics will prevent the kind of widespread crisis that has been unfolding across the world, and will impose a level of institutionalized guardianship that has been heretofore nonexistent. The first recommendation by the authors is that the authoritative institution and overseer of market regulatory agencies be â€Å"independent of short-run politics† (203). Clearly, an effective system of regulation will need to be enforced by a legitimate and separate institution that is still subject to accountability measures and inquiry by the public it serves. With massive corruption and greed being such a prominent factor in the economic collapse, this aspect of guardianship would enabl e a built-in protection for consumers, the financial sector, and the political sector alike. When there is a method for preventing unfair and inappropriate practices, all parties will benefit. Additionally, the requirement that the organization be free of political sway will allow a more consistent guardianship that is external to the ebb and flow of political events and party favoritism. The second recommendation of Barth, Caprio, and Levine is that the regulatory agency be â€Å"independent of the financial services industry† (203). This follows a similar rationale as the requirement of political independence; how could the public possibly have confidence in a financial regulatory agency if it was run from within the industry? To prevent even the perception that the agency could be influenced by the greedy and self-serving motives of the financial industry, it will have to exist entirely outside the industry. Certainly the public’s view of the collapse includes the u nderstanding that the root cause was due at least in part to the industry’s faulty self-monitoring and widespread greed. The authors’ third recommendation is that this authoritative institution should have â€Å"the power to demand and obtain information necessary for assessing and monitoring the Guardians of Finance† (203). This attribute would require transparency from the financial sector and would allow the monitoring authority to have access to accurate, current, and thorough data. This requirement would have an impact on numerous levels; first, the financial entities would act more prudently, knowing that they could be asked to share the information at any time, and second, the information in and of itself would have guaranteed accuracy and therefore a better chance to make a positive impact. Had this type of regulation been in place in the early 2000s, a better assessment of lending practices and their impact on the economy could have prevented the widesp read adaptation of loan standards that were lowered to the point of nonexistence. This institution could use the information to compile analysis but also to report back to the public in a way the public could understand. Fourth, the authors assert that the institution should contain â€Å"the multidisciplinary expertise necessary for fruitfully processing that information† (203). If the institution is comprised solely of experts in one area of finance or economics, it will not be nearly as effective as if it were well-rounded. For example, experts on the

Financial Markets and Bank Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Financial Markets and Bank Management - Essay Example We understand that you wish to expand your business operations and therefore, your fund requirement has increased. Our observations on your firm’s balance sheet are as per the following. The current ratio of the firm has declined in the year just completed though it still stays above 1.0; however, the quick ratio appears to be under strain. We notice that the acid-test ratio has gone down below 0.50 in the latest financial year. Net margin has also declined from 2.5 percent in year 2013 to 2.1 percent in the latest fiscal. Moreover, the net interest cover of the firm has also declined from 3.0 times to 2.7 times that provides marginal safety net for the firm in the current sluggish business environment. The declining stock turnover (in days) year after year is a good sign. In fact, it also establishes the declining needs of the working capital for your business. We have worked out the working capital requirement for your firm based on the information provided by you. The increased working capital requirement for the projected sales of  £1,550,000 is likely to be  £167,000 (working in annexure A). Considering the strength of your balance sheet and increased worki ng capital requirement, our bank increases existing overdraft limit from  £90,000 to  £180,000 and that should be adequate to meet your requirements. Our bank is in receipt of your loan request to increase the overdraft facility to  £10,000. We understand that you have to meet some essential expenses such as school fees for your son. Kindly find our detailed reply to your loan application in the following paragraphs. We extend overdraft facility to our valued customers essentially to meet some contingencies and sort out temporary cash flow issues when you fail to receive your dues in time. Though you started with initial overdraft of  £2,000 it has steadily increased and has reached to  £3,600. We notice

Strategic Cultural Interventions at Wal-Mart Research Paper

Strategic Cultural Interventions at Wal-Mart - Research Paper Example It is against this backdrop that Louis (1980) is quoted by the Air University (2003) as explaining that organizational culture is â€Å"a set of understandings or meanings shared by a group of people that are largely tacit among members and are clearly relevant and distinctive to the particular group which are also passed on to new members†. The discussions above point to the fact that the organizational culture of an organization cannot be over emphasized, overlooked or underestimated in any way. As much as possible, all corporations and organizations must make it a prime priority of achieving a socially and commercially welcoming organizational culture. Because of this, this essay has been set out to critically look into the organizational culture of Wal-Mart Company, looking at the company’s present organizational culture and evaluating how the present culture has impacted on the successes of the company and if any, suggest the way forward for the company in terms of its organizational culture. Current Organizational Culture Giving a clear cut definition or description of the organizational culture of Wal-Mart may be very difficult. This is because the public and especially the media tend to portray the company and many different ways. These ambiguities not withstanding, careful review of literature and scrutiny of media reports point to some common characteristics that run through the company and can therefore be generalized to be the company’s organizational culture. In the first place, Wal-Mart has and believes in the culture of respect. The company portrays a high sense and level of respect for all its stakeholders including customers, suppliers and associates. The company also practices an open door system of governance whereby there is an open communication channel for all stakeholders; especially customers and suppliers to get their ideas through. There also is what the company refers to as the Sundown rules. With this culture, th e company answers to requests even after the company’s usual closing hours. This is done in a bid to foster the culture of respect for meeting the customer at the point of his or her needs. Finally, there is an assumed and supposed servant leadership culture at Wal-Mart whereby it is said that Sam Walton, founder of Wal-Mart said that â€Å""It's more important than ever that we develop leaders who are servants, who listen to their partners – their associates – in a way that creates wonderful morale to help the whole team accomplish an overall goal,†Ã¢â‚¬  (Wal-Mart, 2011). Assessment of the current organizational culture of Wal-Mart using Deep Assumption Model Having discussed the organizational culture of Wal-Mart above, this section of the write-up shall be used to give deep assumptions interpretations to assess the current organizational culture of the company. Cummings and Worley (2009) explain that deep assumptions are very important because they r epresent the deepest levels of an organization’s culture that is generally unexamined. These assumptions shall be considered because as Cummings and Worley (2009) put it, they are â€Å"tacit and shared assumptions that guide member behavior and that often have a powerful impact on organization effectiveness.† Among some unexamined assumptions behind the culture of Wal-Ma

The Survival Of The Fittest

The Survival Of The Fittest Survival of the Fittest just might as well be the title of this short story. Only the strongest will survive is Charles Darwins theory of Survival of the Fittest (Puchalik). This theory is concisely paralleled in Jack Londons To Build a Fire (Puchalick). A mans trip into the Northern Wilderness, the Yukon Trail, faces a series of difficult challenges as he progresses on the trail. However, arrogance will be the mans fatal downfall when he faces these foreboding challenges. In Londons To Build a Fire, the narrators description of arrogance is demonstrated through the conjoined use of setting, character, and plot to proclaim that arrogance can lead to disaster. In To Build a Fire, Jack London uses a varied amount of details in the setting to illustrate the seriousness of the main characters situation. The story is a detailed description of the dangers of severe cold and the stages involved in the process of freezing to death. The main character, the man, in To Build a Fire is a very arrogant person who believed in his own capabilities to handle anything that came at him and took everything at face value. He didnt analyze and survey the area over every detail which caused him to oversee many important things throughout the story. He definitely was not one of those people that are very analytic and his conceptions were rooted in the tangible world and not in the surreal. The severity of the mans situation is fully demonstrated and established through Londons descriptions of the landscape, intense cold, ice, and snow. The height of Londons descriptive portrayal is the storys concise illustration of the intense cold of the winter that the man is traveling through. The description of the Yukon Trail gets more into depth with descriptions; such as, Londons description of the man spitting, sharp, explosive crackle(Burdick 14) is happening in the middle of the air before the mans spit could even hit the ground is just an example of how vicious the cold was and what the man was traveling through. The frozen moisture of air that the man is breathing formed the ice on his beard and mustache (Kreidler). For example, crystal beard of the color and solidity of amber(Burdick 15) transpired when the man chews tobacco and the swiftness in which the mans limbs become numb and unusable are more illustrative examples of Londons account of the cold. The journey through the unbroken white North and south, as far as the eye could see (Burdick13) was another vivid account of the wonderful use of setting in this story. Without a reason to doubt, the idea of a world of ice is a huge factor in the greatness of this story only to be undermined by Londons very descriptive depiction of the mans death. This is depicted in detail throughout the further on into the story. The treacherous environment of the Yukon, to the man, is just an obstacle that could easily be conquered with the knowledge of your surroundings and an arrogant attitude, but it is actually the executioner. The fear of falling in the water, and this thought kept running through his head once in a while the thought reiterated itself that it was very cold and had never experience such cold (Kreidler), the relief when the fire is built, and the horror when it is put out are all situations that builds tension of the story and the mans arrogance is really starting to get him in serious trouble. The panic when he is unable to build another fire and the climatic end that is bound to happen are more completely realized when the man is unable to light a match (Bloom). The rush through the snow, then becoming exhausted and not being able to keep up the running, and the, the idea to kill his dog, but not able to grasp his knife, to use its body as warmth. Once he knew that the end was near, the man laid down to embrace death that was coming to him (Bloom). These are all further illustrative details of the mental break down of the mans character and how his arrogant mindset has brought him to his end. The arrogance of the man has now been fully recognized by him and he thinks of meeting death with dignity(Burdick 27) and this is the final stage to the mans realization that he was to die. The concept to sleep off to death(Burdick 27)and his statement, Freezing was not so bad as people thought. There were lots worse ways to die. is another step towards the imminent conclusion that we had all suspected when the fire was forcefully put out. The setting and his character is furthermore developed by these various accounts and the brutality of the severe winters in the Yukon Trail are even more realized. In conclusion, Londons setting within the unemotional Yukon is both descriptive and energetic. The major problem of the story takes place after the fire is put out, leading to the climax of the story when the man begins his realization that death had found him and was not going to go away. In this way, London uses setting, plot, and character to show the extent of the mans situation and the death that will surely come if you underestimate it and not look at it with an open mind. The challenges of the story, the severe cold, and the mans final death all happened because the man did not keep an open mind.

Deaths of Mickey and Edward in Willy Russells Blood Brothers :: Russell Blood Brothers Death Essays

Deaths of Mickey and Edward in Willy Russell's Blood Brothers "And do we blame superstition for what came to pass? Or could it be what we, the English, have came to know as class?" Blood Brothers is a play set in Liverpool, Willy Russell wrote it in 1983. Willy Russell has wrote plays based in Liverpool because this is where he was brought up as a kid in a working class family, Blood Brothers relates to this and aspects of class that he would have experienced when he lived there. Willy Russell grew up just outside Liverpool, he left school when he was only 15 to become a hairdresser, it was in his early twenties when he decided to go back to school and take his O levels. His plays were about everyday circumstances and his portrayal of life then. In this essay I intend to find out the reason for Mickey and Edward's deaths, whether it was superstition or class, I will evaluate both of the possible causes and how they are used within the play, then I will have to make a conclusion to which side of the argument proves to be the correct one. The main sources of superstition revolve around Mrs Johnstone because she is the character who believes that when certain things happen consequences will unfold due to this. Willy Russell points these superstitious events out to the audience, by using one of the characters to mention this or a song will be used to show something superstitious happening. At these stages in the play he is already asking the audience whether they believe in superstition. The first incidence of superstition comes at the beginning after the opening song; this is when the audience finds out that Mrs Johnstone is superstitious and that superstition may appear later in the play. Mrs Lyons enters Mrs Johnstone's house and then there is a stage direction saying that Mrs Lyons puts her new shoes on the table, Mrs Johnstone replies to this angrily "Jesus Christ, Mrs Lyons, what are y' trying to do?" At the bottom of the page where this happens the narrator says "There's shoes upon the table an' a joker in the pack, the salts been spilled and the looking glass cracked, there's one lone magpie overhead." The narrator is giving us examples of superstitions. Here he is trying to hint that something bad is going follow because of the shoes upon the table. After this it is possibly significant that she claims not to be superstitious three times, three is meant to be a lucky number but in her case it is unlucky because the

Physical Disorders and Health Psychology

Chapter 9: Physical Disorders and Health Psychology †¢psychosomatic medicine- psych factors affect physical function †¢behavioral medicine- applied to prevention, diagnosis and treatment of medical problems †¢health psychology- psych factors that are important to the maintenance and promotion of health opsych and social factors: †¢(1) affect biological processes †¢(2) long-standing behavior patterns put ppl at risk for certain disorders o50% of deaths from top 10 leading causes in US can be traced to lifestyle behaviors †¢poor eating habits, smoking, lack of exercise, General Adaption Syndrome (GAS)- Selye oalarm- response to immediate danger or threat oresistance- mobilize coping mechanisms to respond oexhaustion- body suffers permanent damage †¢chronic stress may cause permanent body damage and contribute to disease †¢stress= physiological response to stressor †¢HPA Axis ohypothalamus- pituitary gland- adrenal gland oimportant for stress ocortisol= stress hormone †¢baboon case study odominant males have less stressful lives due to predictability + controllability olower males experience stress from bullying, higher cortisol levels osense of control important stress, anxiety, depression related osimilar underlying physiological processes oself-efficacy: sense of control and confidence that one can cope with stress or challenges †¢stress can lead to decreased immune system functioning oincreased rates of infectious diseases, mono, colds, flu, †¢Immune system oeliminates antigens- foreign maerials, bacteria, viruses, parasites o2 main parts: †¢humoral> B cells, antibodies neutralize antigens †¢cellular> T cells, destroy viral infections + cancerous processes owhite blood cells do most of the work (leukocytes) microphages= first line of defense †¢autoimmune disease oimmune system overactive, attacks body cells †¢rheumatoid arthritis- too many suppressor T cells, body subject to invasi on by antigens †¢HIV- human immunodeficiency virus ?AIDS-related complex first: minor health problems before AIDS diagnosis w. pneumonia, cancer, dementia, wasting syndrome†¦ ? treated w/ highly active antiretroviral therapy †¢reducing stress, social support, CBT help †¢psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) opsych influences on neurological responding implicated in immune response †¢Cancer psychoncology- psych influences in development of cancer otherapy can help treatment to reduce stress, improve mood, alter important health behaviors, supportive relationships †¢reduce cancer recurrence and dying †¢influence support + development of cancer oâ€Å"benefit finding†- deepening spirituality, changes in life priorities, closer ties to others, enhanced sense of purpose opsych procedures important to manage stress especially w/ children who undergo surgery †¢Cardiovascular problems ocompromise heart, blood vessels and control mechanisms cardiovascular disease ostrokes ocerebral vascular accidents- temporary blockages of blood vessels to brain cause temporary/ permanent damage ohypertension- high blood pressure, risk factor for other heart probs †¢blood vessels constrict, heart works harder, pressure †¢essential hypertension- no verifiable physical cause †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"silent killer† †¢blacks more at risk than whites †¢genetic influences †¢anger + hostility increase blood pressure ocoronary heart disease †¢heart disease in #1 cause of death in western cultures †¢blockage of arteries supplying blood to heart muscle chest pain †¢plaque †¢deficiency of blood to a body part †¢heart attack- death of heart tissue when artery clogged †¢stress, anxiety, anger contribute (+lack of coping skills and low social support) †¢myocardial stunning- heart failure as a result of severe stress oType A behavior pattern †¢excessive competitive drive, sense of pressured for time, imp atience, high E, angry outbursts †¢at risk for CHD (although cultural diffs significant) oType B behavior pattern †¢more relaxed, less concerned about deadlines, seldom pressured, †¢Reserve capacity model associations among environments of low socioeconomic status, stressful experiences, psychosocial resources, emotions and cognitions> increase risk for CHD †¢Pain oacute- follows an injury, disappears once injury heals ochronic- begins w/ acute episode but does not go away osubjective term pain vs. pain behaviors= manifestations of exp oemotional component= suffering oseverity of pain doesn’t predict reaction b/c of psych factors †¢Phantom limb pain oppl who have lost an arm or leg feel excruciating pain in the missing limb †¢operant control of pain pain behavior under control of social consequences oie critical family members may become sympathetic †¢gate control theory of pain onerve impulses from painful stimuli travel to spinal column th en to brain odorsal horns of spinal column= gate osmall fibers open gate, large fibers close †¢brain inhibits pain oendogenous opiods- naturally exist within body> endorphins oshut down pain, runner’s high after exercise, †¢men and women exp pain differently omen have stronger endogenous opiod systems owomen have additional pain-regulating mechanisms odiff areas more prone to pain Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) olack of E, fatigue, variety of aches and pains oneurasthenia- lack of nerve strength, old diagnosis oprevalent in western world and China †¢Pain can kill you†¦ oincreases rate at which certain cancers metastasize ocan weaken immune system response by reducing natural killer cells opain> stress>vicious cycle †¢Biofeedback omake patients aware of specific physiological functions that ordinarily not be consciously aware of †¢heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension in specific areas, electroencephalogram rhythms, patterns of blood flow â⠂¬ ¢(1) conscious awareness (2) learn to control them oinstill sense of control over pain †¢progressive relaxation obecome acutely aware of tension, relax specific muscle groups †¢transcendental meditation ofocus attention on repeated syllable, or mantra †¢relaxation response- silently repeat mantra to minimize distraction by closing mind to intruding thoughts †¢Coping mechanisms oprescription drugs, reduced effectiveness over time odenial oimproved attitudes, realistic appraisals thru CBT †¢4 leading causes of death in Us oheart disease, cancer, stroke, respiratory disease AIDS prevention ocontraception ochanging high-risk behavior is only effective prevention strategy †¢smoking is epidemic in china omyths: tobacco is symbol of personal freedom, important for social interactions, health effects can be controlled, important to economy, †¢Stanford Three Community Study o1 community- assessed risk factors for CHD and smoking o2 community- media blitz on risk factors o3 community- face to face interventions, most successful at reducing CHD risk factors Chapter 10: Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders gender identity disorder- psych dissatisfaction w/ one’s biological sex, disturbance in identity †¢sexual dysfunction- difficult to function while having sex, ie no orgasm †¢paraphilia- arousal due to inappropriate objects/ individuals ophilia- strong attraction opara- abnormal †¢male female sex differences omen masturbate more and admit it ofemales associate sex w/ romance + intimacy rather than male physical gratification omen have diff attitude toward casual premarital sex omen show more sexual desire/arousal omen’s self-concept characterized more by power, independence, aggression owomen’s sex beliefs are more plastic/ changeable women emphasize relaitonships †¢sexual self schemas- core beliefs about sexuality †¢Cultural differences oSambia in Papua New Guinea †¢adolescent boys encouraged to engage in homosexual oral sex b/c semen valued†¦ wtf †¢Homosexuality omight run in families, genetic component? odifferential hormone exposure in utero ogreater probably of being left handed or ambidextrous olonger ring finger than index ofraternal birth order hypothesis- each additional older brother increased odds of being gay by one third †¢Gender identity disorder oa persons physical gender is not consistent with persons sense of identity tapper in a body of the wrong sex otranssexualism odifferent from transvestic fetishism- sexually aroused by wearing clothing of opposite sex odifferent from intersex individuals- hermaphrodites, born with ambiguous genitalia, hormonal or physical abnormalities oautogynephilia- when gender identity disorder begins with strong sexual attraction to fantasy of oneself as a female, then progresses to becoming a woman ogenetic component suspected †¢gender nonconformity oboys behaving femininely or females behaving m asculinely †¢sex reassignment surgery controversial to directly alter gender identity to match physical anatomy oin order to qualify, must live in opposite sex role for 1-2 yrs to be sure omust be stable psychologically, financially, socially ogynecomastia- growth of breasts †¢intersex individuals- born w/ physical charactersitics of both sexes o5 sexes: †¢males †¢females †¢herms †¢merms- more male than female but have some femal genitalia †¢ferms- ovaries but possess some male genitalia †¢Sexual dysfunction oinability to become aroused or reach orgasm o3 stages of sexual response cycle: desire, arousal, orgasm opremature ejaculation vaginismus- painful contractions in vagina during attempted penetration olifelong or acquired ogeneralized or situational odue to psych factors or medical condition †¢Hypoactive sexual desire disorder olittle or no interest in any type of sexual activity †¢sexual aversion disorder othought of sex or brie f casual touch may evoke fear, panic or disgust †¢male erectile disorder and female sexual arousal disorder oproblem is not desire, problem is physically becoming aroused †¢inhibited orgasm oinability to achieve orgasm despite adequate desire and arousal (common in women) ofemale orgasmic disorder- difficulty reaching orgasm retarded ejaculation- cumming delayed oretrograde ejaculation- shoot back into bladder rather than forward †¢premature ejaculation- more common, 20% of males †¢sexual pain disorders odesire, arousal, orgasm present opain so severe that behavior disrupted odyspareunia- no medical reason found for pain †¢vaginismus- pelvic muscles in outer third of vagina involuntarily spasm oripping, burning, tearing sensations during sex †¢Assessing Sexual behavior o(1) interviews- and questionnaires o(2) thorough medical eval- rule out medical conditions o(3) psychophysiological assessment penile strain gauge- picks up changes as penis expands â₠¬ ¢vaginal photoplethysmograph- measures light reflected from vaginal walls †¢Causes of sexual disorders obiological contributions †¢nuerological diseases †¢diabetes †¢arterial insufficiency- constricted arteries †¢venous leakage- blood flows out too quickly for a good boner †¢prescription drugs ?anti-hypertensive medications for high blood pressure ?antidepressants ?SSRIs mess w/ arousal and desire †¢elicit drugs- cocaine †¢cigarettes opsych contributions †¢anxiety- can increase or decrease desire †¢distraction men who are dysfunctional report less sexual arousal †¢inducing positive or negative mood directly affects arousal †¢performance anxiety, 3 parts: ?arousal, cognitive processes, negative affect †¢erotophobia- negative cognitive set about sexuality, viewed as negative or threating ? learned early in childhood from families, religious authorities ? early sexual trauma, rape victims †¢script theory- we all op erate by following â€Å"scripts† that reflect social and cultural expectations and guide our behavior †¢sexual myths/ misperceptions †¢Treatment for sexual dysfunction education is very effective, dispel myths and ignorance about sexual response cycle otherapy, increase communication b/t dysfunctional partners osensate focus and nondemand pleasuring- exploring and enjoying each others bodies thru touching, kissing, hugging, massaging †¢1st phase no genitals or boobs †¢2nd phase genitals but no sex or orgasm †¢3rd sex once aroused osqueeze technique- squeezing tip of penis to reduce arousal and gain control over ejaculation omasturbation training and porn! omedical treatments †¢oral medication (Viagra) †¢injection of vasoactive substances directly into the penis? †¢surgery †¢vacuum device therapy †¢Paraphilia if exists, individuals normally exhibit multiple paraphillic patterns oassociated w/ deficiencies in consensual adult s exual arousal, social skills, sexual fantasies †¢frotteurism orubbing against someone in a crowded public place until point of ejaculation †¢festishism operson sexually attracted to nonliving objects o(1) inanimate object o(2) source of specific tactile stimulation†¦ rubber o(3) body part†¦ foot †¢voyeurism obeing aroused by observing unsuspecting individuals undressing or naked †¢exhibitionism osexual gratification from exposing genitals to strangers orisk + anxiety can increase arousal oassociated w/ lower levels of edu transvestic fetishism osexual arousal from cross-dressing †¢sexual sadism oinflicting pain or humiliation †¢sexual masochism osuffering pain or humiliation †¢hypoxiphilia- oself strangulation to reduce flow of oxygen to brain to enhance orgasm †¢pedophilia osexual attraction to kids oincest when own family †¢Psychological treatment ocovert sensitization- carried out in imagination of patient, associate sexually arousing images w/ reasons why behavior is harmful or dangerous †¢orgasmic reconditioning opatients instructed to masturbate to usual fantasies but substitute more desirable ones just before ejaculation †¢Drug treatments â€Å"chemical castration†- eliminates sexual desire + fantasy by greatly reducing testosterone levels ocyproterone acetate + medroxyprogesterone ouseful for dangerous sexual offenders who do not respond to alternative treatmens Chapter 11: Substance-related and Impulse-control disorders †¢impulse control disorders- inability to resist acting on a drive or temptation osteal, gamble, set fires, pull out hair †¢polysubstance abuse- using multiple substances †¢substance use oingestion of psychoactive substances in moderate amounts that does not impair social, educational or occupational functioning †¢intoxication- getting high or drunk oimpairs judgment, mood changes, lowered motor ability †¢substance abuse ohow much ingested is problematic †¢addiction- substance dependence ophysiologically dependent on the drug requires increasing amounts to experience same effect (tolerance) onegative physical response when substance no longer ingested (withdrawal) oNicotine is arguably most addictive drug in the world, more so than meth! †¢5 substance categories o(1) depressants- sedation + relaxation†¦ alcohol o(2) stimulants- active + alert†¦ caffeine o(3) opiates- analgesia + euphoria†¦ morphine o(4) hallucinogens- alter sensory perception†¦ weed, LSD (5) other drugs- don’t fit neatly into categories†¦ steroids †¢Depressants odecrease central nervous system activity, reduce levels of physiological arousal omost likely to produce dependence, tolerance, withdrawal oalcohol †¢reduces inhibition, motor coordination, reaction time, judgement †¢esophagus>stomach>small intestines>bloodstream>heart (+other major organs)> liver †¢influences GABA receptors  œanxiety †¢influences glutamate system- excitatory, memory, blackouts †¢withdrawal delirium- frightening hallucinations, body tremors †¢liver disease, pancreatitis, cardiovascular disorders, brain damage †¢dementia- loss of intellectual abilities Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome- loss of muscle coordination, confusion, unintelligible speech †¢fetal alcohol syndrome- when pregnant mothers drink, fetal growth retardation, behavior problems, learning difficulties, physical signs †¢alcohol dehydrogenase- enzyme that breaks down alcohol †¢3 million ppl dependent in US ostages of alcoholism †¢pre alcoholic- drinking occasionally, few consequences †¢prodromal stage- drinking heavily, outward signs of a problem †¢crucial stage- loss of control, binges †¢chronic stage- primary daily activities involve drinking odrinking at early age is predictive of later abuse alcohol linked to violent behavior oBarbiturates †¢sedatives, help ppl sleep †¢highly addictive †¢overdosing> suicide †¢influence GABA obenzodiazepines †¢reduce anxiety †¢highly prescribed in US †¢alcohol amplifies effect oStimulants †¢most commonly used psychoactive drugs in US †¢amphetamine use disorders ?reduce appetite ?narcolepsy, ADHD, Ritalin ?stimulants illegally abused by college students†¦ no shit †¢crystal meth †¢MDMA- ecstasy ococaine use disorders †¢alertness, euphoria, increase blood pressure + pulse, insomnia, loss of appetite †¢paranoia, heart probs nicotine use disroders †¢withdrawal- depression, insomnia, irritability, anxiety, increased appetite †¢more prone to depression †¢Opioids oopiate natural chemicals in opium poppy have narcotic effect oâ€Å"downers† †¢Hallucinogens ochange sensory perception osight, sound, feelings, taste, smell omarijuana oLSD †¢Other drugs oSpecial K osteroids oPCP †¢Family and genetic influence †¢neurobiol ogical influence opleasure pathway in brain mediates experience of reward odopamine- pleasure oGABA- inhibitory NT †¢Psych dimensions opositive reinforcement negative reinforcement- use drugs to cope/escape from bad feelings and difficult life circumstances oopponent-process theory- an increase in positive feelings will be followed shortly by an increase in negative feelings and vice versa †¢cognitive factors oplacebo effect oexpectancy theory †¢social dimensions opeer pressure omarketing omoral weakness model of chemical dependence- drug use is seen as a failure of self-control in the face of temptation odisease model of dependence- drug dependence cause by an underlying physiological disorder †¢cultural factors oacculturation- adapt to new culture omachismo †¢neuroplasticity brains tendency to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections ocontinued use of substance†¦. decreased desire for nondrug experiences †¢Treatment obiological †¢ agonist substitution- take a safe drug that has a chemical makeup similar to the addictive drug ? methadone instead of heroin ?cross-tolerance: they act on same NTs †¢substitution ?nicotine gum instead of cigs †¢antagonist drugs- block or counteract effects of psychoactive drugs †¢aversive treatment- prescribe drugs that make ingesting abused substance extremely unpleasant opsychosocial †¢therapy †¢inpatient facilities †¢alcoholics anonymous- 12 steps †¢controlled use- controversial covert sensitization- negative associations by imagining unpleasant scenes †¢contingency management- decide on reinforces that will reward certain behaviors †¢community reinforcement approach †¢motivational interviewing- empathetic and optimistic counseling †¢CBT †¢relapse prevention †¢Impulse control disorders ointermittent explosive disorder- episodes where act on aggressive impulses †¢serious assaults or destruction of property â₠¬ ¢influenced by NT levels okleptomania †¢recurrent failure to resist urge to steal things not needed for personal use or monetary value †¢high comorbidity with mood disorders opyromania †¢irresistible urge to set fires pathological gambling otrichotillomania †¢pulling out ones hair from anywhere on body oothers †¢compulsive shopping-oniomania †¢skin picking †¢self mutilation †¢computer addiction Chapter 12: Personality Disorders †¢personality disorders- enduring patterns of thinking about ones environment and self that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts oinflexible, maladaptive and cause significant impairment or distress ohigh comorbidity †¢Axis I= current disorder †¢Axis II= chronic problem †¢5 Factor model oextroversion- talkative + assertive vs passive and reserved oagree-ableness- kind trusting vs hostile selfish conscientiousness- organized thorough, reliable oneuroticism- even tempered vs nervousness moody oopenness to experience- imaginative curious †¢Cluster A: odd or eccentric oparanoid oschizoid oschizotypal †¢Cluster B: dramatic, emotional, erratic oantisocial (m)- irresponsible, reckless behavior oborderline (f) ohistrionic (f)- excessive emotionality and attention seeking onarcissistic †¢Cluster C: fearful, anxious oavoidant odependent oobsessive compulsive †¢Biases ocriterion gender bias- criteria biased oassessment gender bias- assessment measures biased

Tenure system

The term of office system provides faculty member stableness and a signifier of womb-to-tomb employment. Geting term of office gives a individual entree to certain fiscal and societal benefits. Furthermore, it gives a figure of freedoms and possibilities in the academic domain. From the start, the attitudes toward term of office were controversial. Hems et Al ( 2001 ) gnaws at the issue of term of office from two different waies. On the one manus, the writers stating that this system â€Å"harbors unproductive faculty† ( p.322 ) , while, on the other manus, they did non detect any connexion between â€Å"decreasing productiveness and term of office and even concluded that those faculty members possessing term of office were working more efficient† ( p.322 ) . Presents, the prevalent attitude towards term of office is positive because it provides more â€Å"freedom for the faculty† ( Bess, 1998, p.4 ) , through womb-to-tomb employment, which gives the possibility for professional development and inventions. At the same clip, the fright of module members going â€Å"deadwood† ( Bess, 1998, p.4 ; Hems et Al, 2001, p.322 ) and pretermiting their duties remains. Furthermore, there is a belief that term of office slows down and even restrains the procedure of academic development. Therefore, alterations are being proposed to the system such as â€Å"limited term of office at Tohoku University or alterations to the term of office policy at the University of Minnesota† ( Hems et Al, 2001, p.323 ) . Wood & A ; Johnsrud ( 2005 ) call term of office â€Å"an artefact of the values and premises of academic culture† ( p.394 ) . Harmonizing to this definition civilization of the module has a important topographic point in the procedure of acquiring term of office.Attitudes towards term of office and attacksWhile analyzing attitudes towards term of office and attacks, one should take two points of position towards civilization and socialisation in general and its topographic point in the academic society in peculiar, modernist and postmodernist point of views. Harmonizing to the modernist point of position, â€Å"an organisation ‘s civilization teaches people how to act, what to trust for, and what it means to win or fail† ( Tierney, 1997, p. 4 ) , in this instance an single adopts stable regulations, which exist in a society ( module ) . However, the postmodernist position of civilization is a â€Å"give-and-take† ( p.6 ) , one, which means that a individua l come ining a group and adopts its regulations and forms lending to the group ‘s civilization. In the domain of attitudes towards tenure the foregoing attacks shapes two different points of position. Modernist attack towards term of office is the most common one and is chiefly expressed in the manner people describe their work, for example, â€Å"the competition about the sum of working hours† or â€Å"the figure of publications one should hold in order to acquire tenure† ( Tierney, 1997, pp. 8-9 ) . On the other manus, postmodernist attitudes towards term of office can be seen through personal an involvement, which shapes the work of those willing to be granted term of office.DecisionMaking a decision for the research Tierney ( 1997 ) , understanding that the bulk of â€Å"individuals were able to subsume personal dispositions in favour of the modernist end of absorbing to the civilization to which they were being socialized† ( p.13 ) . Two chief domains define either modernist or postmodernist attitudes of the module towards term of office. The modernist attack dominates in instances where research work, which is seen through the sum of publications, is the chief standard for allowing term of office. Conversely, the postmodern sphere topographic points accent on learning. Faculty is most comfy with term of office but understands that there is room for extra alteration to the system ; nevertheless, post-tenure reappraisal has led to a figure of intense dissensions.Post-tenure reappraisalPost-tenure reappraisal is a â€Å"systematic, comprehensive procedure, separate from the one-year reappraisal, aimed specifically at measuring public presentation and/or fostering module growing and development† ( Wood & A ; Johnsrud, 2005, pp. 394-395 ) . This is one of the methods to avoid â€Å"deadwood† ( Bess, 1998, p.4 ; Hems et Al, 2001, p.322 ) module members ; the establishment must continue the highest degree of efficiency to those being given term of office. The new system of reappraisals can be efficient merely if they are conducted often. The research conducted after the â€Å"implementation of post-tenure reappraisal shows that productiveness did increase† ( Hems et Al, 2001, p.324 ) . Still, the new system is a really problematic topic and has gained negative attitudes from the academic society. The treatment of post-tenure reappraisals is concentrated on a figure of subjects: the degree of freedom which module has with the reappraisal, the impact of term of office on efficiency of module ‘s work, and those responsible for reexamining module. Foreigners conduct post-tenure reappraisals, in bend ; the module considers this as an break of their academic work, and sees this as a restriction of their academic. The type of reappraisal supported by faculty members is â€Å"peer-to-peer† ( Wood & A ; Johnsrud, 2005, p.410 ) . The negative influence of term of office is argued, and, it is stated that non tenure itself but some features of the system are more influential. The influence of post-tenure reappraisals on the full academic universe is the subject being discussed the most. These reappraisals works as limitations of the freedom of instruction, and hence, faculty members are being deprived from the chief advantage granted by the system. By and large, term of office and post-tenure reappraisals have their advantages and disadvantages, which give a topographic point for the treatment of their efficiency. Tenure, which is an old system, and is being blamed for the decrease of the module ‘s work efficiency ; those with term of office are blamed for losing productiveness and general disregard of their responsibilities. Nevertheless, term of office itself, as a system, possibly the cause of the job, at the same clip, the modernist attack towards term of office may be the ground of the system ‘s unfavorable judgment for the motive. Understanding, non the term of office system itself but some of the qualities within the system are responsible for the decreasing efficiency of academic society. Post-tenure reappraisals, though, on the one manus, are able to â€Å"remove non-performing faculty† ( Wood & A ; Johnsrud, 2005, p.413 ) and, on the other manus, it is a menace to the academic universe. Post-tenure reappraisals can be the agencies of the intervention in the educational procedure, hence, destroying the freedom of learning. While term of office provides the module with extra support benefits, post-tenure reappraisals are able to eliminate them. The inefficiency of the term of office system has led to creative activity of post-tenure reappraisals. Still, as the reappraisals have led to a het argument, alternate ways of controling those with term of office should be farther studied.MentionsBess, J. L. ( 1998, January/February ) . Contract systems, bureaucratisms, and module motive: The likely effects of a no-tenure policy. Journal of Higher Education, 69 ( 1 ) , 1-22. Helms, M. M. , Williams, A. B. , & A ; Nixon, J. C. ( 2001 ) . TQM rules and their relevancy to higher instruction: The inquiry of term of office and post-tenure. The International Journal of Educational Management, 15 ( 6/7 ) , 322-331. Wood, M. , & A ; Johnsrud, L. ( 2005, Jumping ) . Post-tenure reappraisal: What matters to faculty. Review ofHigher Education, 28 ( 3 ) , 393-420. Tierney, W. G. ( 1997, January/February ) . Organizational socialisation in higher instruction.Journal of Higher Education, 68 ( 1 ) , 1-16.

Code Name Jane - Abortion Counseling Service 1969-1973

Code Name Jane - Abortion Counseling Service 1969-1973 Jane was the code name of a feminist abortion referral and counseling service in Chicago from 1969 to 1973. The official name of the group was the Abortion Counseling Service of Womens Liberation. Jane disbanded after the Supreme Courts Roe v. Wade decision legalized most first and second trimester abortions in the United States. Historical Context Prior to the  Roe v. Wade  decision, abortion was illegal nearly everywhere in the United States, although women had been terminating unwanted or dangerous pregnancies for centuries.  Thousands of women had died from illegal, back-alley abortions in the United States and around the world before the procedure was legalized. For women wishing or needing to end a pregnancy, options were scarce and gruesome: sketchy doctors in unsanitary conditions, risking being caught in a sting, or physical or chemical DIY abortifacients. Underground Abortion Service The leaders of Jane were part of the Chicago Womens Liberation Union (CWLU). Women who called seeking help spoke to a contact code named Jane, who referred the caller to an abortion provider. Like the Underground Railroad of the previous century, the activists of Jane broke the law in order to save womens lives.  Jane helped an estimated 10,000 to 12,000 women obtain abortions without fatalities. The group began in 1969 in Chicago, advertising with simple ads in alternative and student newspapers. At first, the Jane activists tried to find reliable doctors and arranged for callers to meet the abortionists in secret locations. A caller would leave a message on the networks answering machine, and a Jane would call her back, collect the necessary information, and pass it along to a Big Jane who handled the logistical aspects. The patients would first be taken to one place for counseling before being secretly led to a facility for the procedure itself. Eventually, some Jane women learned to perform abortions themselves. Since many of the male doctors who performed illegal abortions charged astronomical prices, the Janes learned medical skills and would charge as little as 10% or even less of a male doctors fee. As detailed in the book The Story of Jane: The Legendary Underground Feminist Abortion Service by Laura Kaplan (New York: Pantheon Books, 1995), one of Janes goals was to give women a sense of control and knowledge in a situation that otherwise made them powerless. Jane sought to work with the women, not do something to them. Jane also tried to protect women, who were often in difficult financial circumstances, from being exploited by abortionists who could and would charge any price they could get from a woman who was desperate for an abortion. Counseling and Medical Procedures The women of Jane learned the basics of performing abortions. They also induced miscarriages for certain pregnancies and brought in midwives who could assist the induced women. If women went to a hospital emergency room after inducing a miscarriage, they risked being turned over to the police. In 1972, the worst did happen. Chicago police raided one of the apartments used as a base of operations for the Janes. Seven women were arrested and charged for their roles in facilitating the illegal abortion procedures. Even then, the Janes worked to protect the identities and safety of the women who had trusted them. While in the police van itself, the arrested women ripped up the cards with their patients identifying information and swallowed the bits of paper that contained the most crucial details.   Jane also provided counseling, health information and sex education. Following the  Roe  decision, the network disbanded, as its services were no longer needed. In the 21st century, however, as local governments have chipped away at access to abortion services, similar networks of women helping women have popped up across the country, this time with access to modern medicine. The Women Jane Helped According to Jane by Laura Kaplan, the women who sought abortion help from Jane included: Women who could not care for a childWomen who became pregnant even though they used contraceptionWomen whose male partners forbade them to use contraceptionWomen who thought they were no longer fertileGirls who did not (yet) understand how reproductive biology works Women who came to Jane were of various classes, ages, races and ethnicities. The feminist activists of Jane said they had helped females from age 11 through age 50. Other Groups Nationwide There were other small abortion referral groups in cities across the United States. Womens groups and clergy were among those who created compassionate networks to help women find safe, legal access to abortion. The story of Jane is also told in a 1996 documentary film called Jane: An Abortion Service. Sources: Haberman, Clyde. Code Name Jane: The Women Behind A Covert Abortion Network.  The New York Times  14 Oct. 2018,  https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/14/us/illegal-abortion-janes.html. Kaplan, Laura.  The  Story of Jane: The Legendary Underground Feminist Abortion Service.  New York: Pantheon Books, 1995.

Negotiations Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

Negotiations Journal - Essay Example The landlord was of course reticent to do this because he was not fond of the idea of spending more money in order to rent the apartment. From his perspective, other renters who were not so picky would take the apartment as is. However, having viewed several similar apartments that day, my friend and I were fully aware of the fact that for the same money that this particular apartment was renting for, it would be possible to rent a substitute. However, the issue was that we both loved the location, enjoyed the layout, neighborhood, and floor plan etc. Therefore, both of us were interested in trying to negotiate some type of satisfactory deal with the landlord. However, either as a result of our weak negotiating skills or the landlord’s refusal to give any leeway at all with regards to the price and/or condition of the current amenities, we were finally forced to take another apartment as our negations did not make any headway whatsoever. In the end, a host of factors contribut ed to this. These will be discussed in some greater detail and at length further in this worksheet. EXERCISE 2.1 Continued Creating and Claiming Value 2. Rate yourself from 1 to 10 on how well you created value in that negotiation, where 1 is "created little or no value" and 10 is "created a great deal of value." My effectiveness in creating value in my last negotiation was: ______4________. 3. Next, rate yourself from 1 to 10 on how well you claimed value in your last negotiation, where 1 represents "obtained little or no value for myself' and 10 represents "obtained a great deal of value for myself." My effectiveness in claiming value in my last negotiation was: ______1_________. The next step is to study how you create and claim value in your next three negotiations. This will help you determine your own pattern in creating and claiming value. To be an effective negotiator, you have to be good at both creating and claiming value. The following form has been designed to help you e xamine your own pattern of creating and claiming value. CREATING/CLAIMING VALUE FORM 1. Briefly summarize a second negotiation that you participated in on a separate sheet attached hereto as "Exercise 2.1: Attachment B." In the past, I was involved in quite a lengthy negotiation with my employer as how I might change my working hours so that they would be more amenable to my new schedule. This was a unique negotiation because it had varied interests involved in the mediation process. Firstly, and most obviously, there was the selfish interest that I had in order to make my work hours more convenient for me so that I could more easily enjoy my time, not have to wake up at an inconvenient hour, and spend more time concentrating on my studies etc. Likewise, from the employer’s perspective, the negotiation was centered around the fact that they could either deny the request and risk angering the employee (me) or grant it and work to find other personnel who could cover for the ti me gap that this would create. In order to facilitate the process of understanding and create value in the eyes of the employer, I worked to emphasize the many benefits that my employment brought to the company; as well as some of the many highlights of my career up until that point that were highly beneficial to the firm and their profit margin. Although it was a low paying job, my approach was to convince the employer, without appearing arrogant, that they would have a hard

Barbara Ehrenreichs Pathologies of Hope Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Barbara Ehrenreichs Pathologies of Hope - Essay Example Barbara Ehrenreich was targeting the audience of the Harper Magazine. This is a magazine that has covers a literate audience. It reaches both the educated and the general population. This audience recognizes the power of hope in life. This is because hope is embraced in different areas in the society. The organization of the essay reflects what I am doing with the controlling purpose. The essay begins with an overview of the general understanding of hope. Second, the essay summarizes Barbara Ehrenreich’s understanding of hope as presented in this article. Furthermore, examples are used to control the purpose. Also evidences from the article on how the author views hope are given supported with quotes. Finally, a conclusion is given in the author’s position on hope. For example, the author provides a scenario in which negative thoughts are of help than hope. In making the essay be built on evidence, there is the use of direct quotes. The quotes are from the article to in dicate an understanding and interpretation of the article. The quotes changed through the revision process. They were reduced to ensure that the number of words for the essay was reached. The use of quotes was used in making the essay more reliable because they supplemented the opinions and helped reduce wordiness. Finally, some quotes were paraphrased in the revision process to ensure that plagiarism is avoided and that new opinions are adopted. The author strategy of using life examples in criticizing hope is outstanding.